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WTI oil price remains in red for the fourth consecutive day and trading near new three-week low on Wednesday.

Bears hold grip despite a partial relief from announcement of US trade deal with Japan, as dissonant tone come from the EU (the bloc did not reach a deal yet but considering countermeasures on US tariffs) and China, that continues to sour the sentiment.

Markets also focus on the signals of impact from the latest package of EU sanctions on Russia, which mainly target Russian oil industry, as well comments that the US would consider sanctioning Russian oil that are assumed as supportive factors.

Increased supply after Azerbaijan oil exports resumed today after being paused for a couple of days, contribute to existing pressure on oil prices.

Technical picture weakened after the price broke below ascending and thickening daily Ichimoku cloud, while daily Tenkan/Kijun-sen remain in bearish configuration.

Bears attack again 100DMA ($64.93) after faced several rejection at the indicator, with firm break here to expose next significant support at $63.99 (Fibo 61.8% retracement of $55.70/$77.88 rally).

Daily cloud base ($66.37) marks solid resistance which should ideally cap potential upticks.

Res: 65.80; 66.37; 67.18; 68.28.
Sup: 64.50; 63.99; 63.05; 62.18.

The dollar index has been under pressure since the end of last week, falling back to 97.2 after failing to consolidate above the 50-day moving average and break through the turning point at the end of June, just below 99.0.

The dollar started July by hitting new lows for over three years and accumulating significant oversold conditions. At the same time, the intensity of the decline slowed, encouraging bulls in their attempt to reverse the trend. Success was very limited, as there was not enough strength even to overcome the short-term downtrend, the upper limit of which was formed by the 50-day moving average.

On weekly timeframes, which reflect long-term trends, a strong bearish ‘death cross’ signal is forming, as the 50-week average falls below the 200-week average. In 2003, after this signal, the dollar remained in decline for another five years. However, the subsequent four similar crosses were close to cyclical lows.

The same is indicated by the dynamics of the relative strength index, which returned from the oversold zone (<30) in early July, remaining at 35 despite the weakening of the DXY.

Fundamental factors may also shift in favour of the dollar. In 2018, the dollar began to rise after the initial shocks of Trump’s victory and the tariff wars he announced a year later, as they worked to reduce the international trade deficit. In both 2018 and 2025, inflationary risks are forcing the Fed to keep rates higher than they could be, which also works in favour of the dollar.

Markets

The US-Japanese trade deal struck overnight lifted market sentiment, in Japan in the first place. Yields in the Asian country rallied with net daily changes varying between +4.8 (30-yr) to +8.8 bps (5-yr). The 40-yr yield was a bit of an exception in this otherwise bear flattening move, rising 8.5 bps in the wake of a poorly received auction. The – in all honesty ill-timed – sale took place days after the ruling coalition lost its majority in the Upper House last Sunday. That’s raising questions on the government’s survivability, particularly with rumours of PM Ishiba’s imminent resignation lingering. It also poses risks for an even looser fiscal policy since the LDP+Komeito coalition is now forced to compromise with fiscally less orthodox opposition parties, making the ultra long end of the curve particularly vulnerable. The yen initially suffered from these political and fiscal risks but recovered as trade deal optimism eventually took over. USD/JPY eased to 146.27 currently and EUR/JPY slid towards 171.6. Stocks in the country shot up 3.5%, bringing the Nikkei225 to less than 3% of its July 2024 record high.

The mood spilled over into European (and to a lesser extent US) dealings. The EuroStoxx50 adds about a 1%. That used to be a bit more before reports hit the wires of the Commission readying a $100bn US retaliation package in case there’s no trade deal made and the US pushes ahead with its 30% tariff threat. It doused some of the market hopes ignited by the Japanese trade story even though USTS Bessent in a Bloomberg interview didn’t sound all that negative. “Talks with the EU are going better than they had been.” Commerce Secretary Lutnick later added that Japan’s deal “could be” a model for Europe, referring to the $550bn investment fund pledge Japan made to buy off a lower tariff rate (15%) and accepting US standards on cars. Anyway, German/European yields are off their intraday highs for the same reason. They still add up to 2.3 bps at the long end though. US Treasuries slightly underperform Bunds but outperform gilts. It seems that whenever there’s the slightest pinch of public finance fears in the air, UK yields are taking the lead higher. They rise between 2.7 (2-yr) and 5.7 (30-yr) bps. Sterling isn’t hurt by it and ekes out a small gain against the euro (EUR/GBP 0.866). The common currency in a broader perspective is slightly under pressure against most other G10 peers, including USD. EUR/USD gives up half of yesterday’s rise to trade around 1.172. Cyclical currencies such as AUD and NZD are the notable outperformers today, rallying perhaps on reduced uncertainty after the first trade deal between two actual major economic powers.

News & Views

A study of Jürgen Mathess published on the website of the ‘Institut Der Deutschen Wirtschaft’ (IW) indicates that yuan undervaluation against the euro provides an unfair cost advantage for China. The study says that compared to 2020, the 2025 deficit in goods trade with China is 3.6 times higher for Germany and it has doubled for the euro area. The study said that the nominal exchange rate of the yuan against the euro hardly changed over that period while European goods have become much more expensive. Producer prices have risen by more than 35% in Germany and EMU compared with early 2020, whereas Chinese producer prices have hardly increased, resulting in a sharp real appreciation of the euro against the yuan. The huge cost disadvantage likely contributed considerably to the rise in the trade deficit. This large European cost disadvantage would have been prevented if the yuan had appreciated against the euro to a significant degree. However, as the yuan exchange rate is managed by the central bank of China, the study sees strong indications for currency manipulation and for a significant and unfair undervaluation even if other considerations (capital flows, services and primary income flows) are taken into account. The study comes as the EU and China will meet for a Summit in Beijing On Thursday.

Polish consumer sentiment deteriorated in July, both regarding the current and future situation, the country’s statistical office released today. The current indicator declined from -9 to -14 as all subcomponents deteriorated compared to last month. Polish consumers especially turned more negative on the possibility of making important increases and on the evaluation of the economic situation of the country. However, sentiment was unchanged compared to the same month last year. A similar picture was given for the forward looking confidence indicator. Still, this indicator was slightly higher compared to the same month last year.

Daily Pivots: (S1) 1.1702; (P) 1.1731; (R1) 1.1784; More...

Intraday bias in EUR/USD remains mildly on the upside for retesting 1.1829 high. Firm break there will resume whole rally from 1.0176, and target 1.1916 projection level. However, break of 1.1677 will delay the bullish case, and turn intraday bias neutral, with more consolidations below 1.1829 first.

In the bigger picture, rise from 0.9534 long term bottom could be correcting the multi-decade downtrend or the start of a long term up trend. In either case, further rise should be seen to 100% projection of 0.9534 to 1.1274 from 1.0176 at 1.1916. This will remain the favored case as long as 1.1604 support holds.

Daily Pivots: (S1) 1.3486; (P) 1.3510; (R1) 1.3558; More...

Intraday bias in GBP/USD remains neutral and outlook is unchanged. On the upside, firm break of 1.3561 support turned resistance will argue that correction from 1.3787 has already completed after hitting 1.3369 support. Intraday bias will be back on the upside for retesting 1.3787. Nevertheless, firm break of 1.3363/9 will bring deeper correction to 1.3138 cluster support (38.2% retracement of 1.2099 to 1.3787 at 1.3142).

In the bigger picture, up trend from 1.3051 (2022 low) is in progress. Next medium term target is 61.8% projection of 1.0351 to 1.3433 from 1.2099 at 1.4004. Outlook will now stay bullish as long as 55 W EMA (now at 1.3017) holds, even in case of deep pullback.

Daily Pivots: (S1) 0.7897; (P) 0.7945; (R1) 0.7969; More….

Intraday bias in USD/CHF remains on the downside for retesting 0.7871 support. Firm break there will resume larger down trend and target 61.8% projection of 0.9200 to 0.8038 from 0.8475 at 0.7757. For now, risk will stay on the downside as long as 0.8063 resistance holds, in case of recovery.

In the bigger picture, long term down trend from 1.0342 (2017 high) is still in progress. Next target is 100% projection of 1.0146 (2022 high) to 0.8332 from 0.9200 at 0.7382. In any case, outlook will stay bearish as long as 0.8475 resistance holds.

Daily Pivots: (S1) 145.99; (P) 146.96; (R1) 147.62; More...

No change in USD/JPY's outlook and intraday bias stays neutral. Corrective pattern from 149.17 might extend, but further rally is expected as long as 55 D EMA (now at 145.91) holds. On the upside, break of 149.17 will target 100% projection of 139.87 to 148.64 from 142.66 at 151.43. That is close to 61.8% retracement of 158.86 to 139.87 at 151.22. However, sustained trading below 55 D EMA will argue that the whole rebound from 139.87 might have completed and target 142.66 support for confirmation.

In the bigger picture, price actions from 161.94 (2024 high) are seen as a corrective pattern to rise from 102.58 (2021 low). There is no clear sign that the pattern has completed yet. But still, strong support is expected from 38.2% retracement of 102.58 to 161.94 at 139.26 to bring rebound. in case of another fall.

Daily Pivots: (S1) 0.6521; (P) 0.6539; (R1) 0.6575; More...

AUD/USD's break of 0.6594 confirms resumption of whole rise form 0.5913. Intraday bias is back on the upside. Further rally should be seen to 0.6713 fibonacci level. On the downside, below 0.6545 minor support will turn intraday bias neutral again. But near term outlook will continue to stay bullish as long as 0.6453 support holds.

In the bigger picture, there is no clear sign that down trend from 0.8006 (2021 high) has completed. Rebound from 0.5913 is seen as a corrective move. While stronger rally cannot be ruled out, outlook will remain bearish as long as 38.2% retracement of 0.8006 to 0.5913 at 0.6713 holds. Nevertheless, considering bullish convergence condition in W MACD, even in case of another fall through 0.5913, downside should be contained above 0.5506 (2020 low).

A wave of optimism rippled through global markets Wednesday after the U.S. and Japan finalized a trade agreement slashing tariffs and easing trade tensions. The Nikkei jumped 3.51%, setting the tone across Asia, while European stocks and US futures are also trading higher. Hopes are growing that other trade partners, notably the EU, may also secure deals before the looming August tariff deadlines.

In currencies, risk-sensitive Kiwi and Aussie led gains, followed by Yen — itself a reflection of Japan’s improving trade outlook. On the other end, Euro, Swiss Franc, and Dollar lagged, consistent with an unwinding of safe-haven positions. Sterling and Loonie are positioning in the middle .

The core of the Japan deal includes a reduction of US tariffs on autos from 27.5% to 15%, and other goods from 25% to 15%. While still high, these levels are considered manageable and far better than the maximum threat levels. Investors are encouraged by the return of predictability, which had been absent during months of escalating trade rhetoric.

Yet, the threat of elevated tariffs still looms large. Canada faces potential 35% duties, and the EU could be hit with 30% unless a deal is reached. China remains under pressure as well, with the August 12 expiration of the 90-day truce fast approaching. If no resolution is found, tariffs could revert to a punishing 145% on U.S. goods and 125% on Chinese exports.

Despite these risks, traders are betting on progress. US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said talks with the EU are “going better than they had been”. But he emphasized that Japan's favorable 15% rate was linked to a creative package involving equity stakes, credit guarantees, and investment pledges. EU negotiators will need to match that innovation to reach a similar outcome.

The European Commission, for its part, is continuing parallel preparations for retaliation. Trade Commissioner Maros Sefcovic is scheduled to speak with Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick later today. Brussels will consolidate two proposed tariff lists worth EUR 93B into a single countermeasure plan for member approval. These measures could be enacted as early as August 7 if no deal is reached.

Technically, NZD/USD's extended rebound and strong break of 55 4H EMA suggests that correction from 0.6119 has already completed at 0.5904 already. Further rise should now be seen to retest 0.6119 high first. Firm break there will resume whole rally from 0.5484. Next target is 38.2% retracement of 0.7463 to 0.5484 at 0.6240.

In Europe, at the time of writing, FTSE is up 0.49%. DAX is up 0.59%. CAC is up 1.11%. UK 10-year yield is up 0.043 at 4.618. Germany 10-year yield is up 0.019 at 2.611. Earlier in Asia, Nikkei rose 3.51%. Hong Kong HSI rose 1.62%. China Shanghai SSE rose 0.01%. Singapore Strait Times rose 0.55%. Japan 10-year JGB yield rose 0.09 to 1.597.

BoJ's Uchida see moderate growth and temporarily sluggish inflation

BoJ Deputy Governor Shinichi Uchida said in a speech today that Japan's economy is likely to "moderate" amid slowing global growth, with underlying inflation remaining "sluggish temporarily". He added that downside risks dominate the outlook, particularly due to high uncertainty surrounding global trade policy and its spillover effects on both domestic and external demand.

Still, Uchida maintained that if the Bank's baseline outlook holds, gradual rate hikes will continue. With real interest rates deeply negative, the BoJ is positioned to adjust its accommodative stance, but only as long as the economic and inflation path improves as expected.

He also highlighted the crosscurrents in Japan’s inflation profile—cost-push pressures from food remain elevated, while demand-side forces are weak. How businesses adjust wages and prices in response to these forces will be central to determining the sustainability of price growth.

Australia Westpac leading index falls to 0.03%, signals weak H2

Australia’s Westpac Leading Index slipped from 0.11% to just 0.03% in May, continuing a six-month slide that points to weakening momentum heading into the second half of 2025. The index, which provides a guide to economic activity three to nine months ahead, has lost altitude from 0.33% in December, with five of eight components dragging—particularly commodity prices, consumer sentiment, and hours worked.

Westpac noted that the shift from modestly above-trend growth to an “around trend” signal marks a clear step-down in economic momentum. The bank now expects the economy to expand by only 1.7% in 2025, a slight pickup from 1.3% in 2024, but still well below historical averages.

With the RBA set to meet on August 11–12, the Leading Index adds to the case for renewed policy easing. Westpac sees the June quarter CPI, due next week, as the key swing factor. A benign reading would likely clear the way for a 25bp cut in August, followed by another in November and two further cuts in H1 2026 as the central bank gradually loosens policy amid persistent growth headwinds.

AUD/USD Mid-Day Report

Daily Pivots: (S1) 0.6521; (P) 0.6539; (R1) 0.6575; More...

AUD/USD's break of 0.6594 confirms resumption of whole rise form 0.5913. Intraday bias is back on the upside. Further rally should be seen to 0.6713 fibonacci level. On the downside, below 0.6545 minor support will turn intraday bias neutral again. But near term outlook will continue to stay bullish as long as 0.6453 support holds.

In the bigger picture, there is no clear sign that down trend from 0.8006 (2021 high) has completed. Rebound from 0.5913 is seen as a corrective move. While stronger rally cannot be ruled out, outlook will remain bearish as long as 38.2% retracement of 0.8006 to 0.5913 at 0.6713 holds. Nevertheless, considering bullish convergence condition in W MACD, even in case of another fall through 0.5913, downside should be contained above 0.5506 (2020 low).

Summary

• We expect the FOMC to hold the fed funds rate steady at 4.25%-4.50% for a fifth consecutive meeting at the conclusion of its upcoming gathering on July 30. Data over the inter-meeting period suggest the labor market remains roughly at "full employment," while inflation has edged up slightly and continues to run higher than the FOMC's 2% target. As such, most members are likely to support policy remaining "modestly" or "moderately" restrictive at this time.
• That said, a split has emerged on the Committee about how to balance current risks to the outlook and the near-term path of rates. Some Committee members, most notably Governors Waller and Bowman, see risks to the labor market over-shadowing risks to inflation and appear supportive of a rate cut at the upcoming meeting. But, the majority of the Committee seems reluctant to resume rate cuts given the lingering upside risks to inflation generated by higher tariffs, relatively easy financial conditions and resilient economic activity.
• With the July jobs report and a number of key trade deadlines falling shortly after the July FOMC meeting concludes, we do not expect the Committee to signal easing is forthcoming at its next meeting on September 16-17. Rather, we expect to see fairly minimal changes to the post-meeting statement to help the Committee preserve optionality about future policy decisions.
• Public pressure from the Trump administration for the FOMC to lower rates and discussions of replacing Chair Powell have intensified since the Committee's last meeting, putting the question of the central bank's independence in the spotlight. The Federal Reserve has never been fully separate from the political process, but a combination of laws, agreements and norms permit a significant amount of independence when it comes to setting monetary policy. Will policy setting stay independent in the months ahead?
• Our expectation is that Chair Powell will serve out the remainder of his current term, which expires in May 2026. The next Chair will likely lead the central bank in a more dovish direction, but we expect changes will be gradual rather than a complete departure from recent convention. The Committee is comprised of a mix of 12 voting members from the Board of Governors and regional Federal Reserve Banks, and decisions are made by consensus. One person, even the Chair, can only change monetary policy so far and so fast.
• An overly-dovish bias of the next Fed Chair could prove counterproductive to the administration's aims. If the FOMC were to lose its inflation-fighting credibility, less foreign demand for U.S. assets, higher inflation expectations and a steeper yield curve strike us as plausible outcomes. In our view, moderate long-term interest rates are predicated on a credible, independent Federal Reserve and well-anchored inflation expectations.
• Most Committee members already seem inclined to cut rates this year, as illustrated in the June Summary of Economic Projections and recent Fed speak. We expect the resumption of policy easing this autumn to alleviate some of the current political pressure on the Committee in the months ahead.

"I'm Not Thinking About That"

Ahead of the FOMC's July 29-30 meeting, the race to become the next Chair and the fate of the current Chair have dominated Fed-related headlines. Yet, we expect Chair Powell and the rest of the Committee to be squarely focused on the job at hand: restoring price stability while maintaining full employment during a time of significant changes to and uncertainty around economic policy.

At 4.25%-4.50%, the fed funds target range has been unchanged since December (Figure 1). We expect the Committee to once again hold rates steady at the conclusion of its upcoming meeting on July 30. Members continued to view the labor market as "solid" at the June FOMC meeting, and data over the inter-meeting period give little reason to alter this characterization. Payroll growth has steadied around a 150K monthly pace since April even as gains have become more narrowly based across industries. While demand for workers continues to gradually subside, slower growth in labor supply helped to reduce the unemployment rate to 4.1% in June, putting it a tick below the Committee's median longer-run estimate (Figure 2). In other words, the maximum employment side of the Fed's mandate continues to be met.

That said, inflation continues to run above the Committee's 2% target. The Consumer Price and Producer Price indices for June point to the Fed's preferred measure of inflation, the PCE deflator, picking back up to a year-over-year rate of 2.5%. For the core inflation measure, the renewed uptrend in goods inflation has been thus far largely offset by softening in services inflation (Figure 3). But, Fed officials remain on guard about the upward pressure on inflation stemming from higher tariffs. While noting the uncertainty that surrounds the timing and magnitude of the effects of tariffs on inflation, all FOMC participants in the June Summary of Economic Projections estimated PCE inflation would end the year above its current 2.3% year-over-year rate.

How Split?

While the FOMC unanimously decided to leave the fed funds range unchanged at its prior meeting in June, a split in the Committee has emerged about the path of rates going forward. In the June Summary of Economic Projections, seven participants saw no cuts as likely to be appropriate this year, while eight aligned with the median of two 25 bps cuts (Figure 4). A couple of participants saw the prospect for three cuts this year. Governors Bowman and Waller made headlines shortly after the June meeting by opening the door to a rate cut as soon as the July meeting. In a speech late last week, Governor Waller pointedly said, "I believe it makes sense to cut the FOMC's policy rate by 25 basis points" at the upcoming meeting.

However, the vast majority of the Committee is not as ready to begin resuming rate cuts. The June meeting minutes and recent Fed speak show more Committee members view the upside risks to inflation as being greater than the downside risks to employment at this juncture. After the 2021-2022 spike in inflation proved more severe and longer-lasting than Fed officials first assumed, many are mindful of the risk that tariff-induced inflation may prove more persistent and long-lasting. Moreover, with most officials viewing policy as only "moderately" or "modestly" restrictive, expectations persist for activity to remain resilient in the near term. The view that policy is not overly restrictive is backed by the behavior of financial conditions, which have eased considerably in recent months (Figure 5). U.S. equity markets are once again at all-time highs, while credit spreads are back near multi-year tights (Figure 6). Shortly before the blackout period, FOMC Vice Chair & New York Fed President John Williams, who we view as a centrist on the Committee, stated that the current restrictiveness of policy is "entirely appropriate" amid his expectations for tariffs to generate a lift to inflation in the coming months.

As such, we do not expect any hints in the post-meeting statement or press conference that a resumption of policy easing is around the corner. The outlook for trade policy remains highly uncertain and makes forward guidance challenging. Only days after the July FOMC meeting concludes are deadlines for settling "reciprocal" tariffs (Aug. 1 for most nations; Aug. 12 for China) and the start of the court case to determine whether the "reciprocal" tariffs are legal under the International Emergency Powers Act (July 31). Officials also will receive two more months of inflation and labor market data before their next meeting on September 17. We suspect that will be enough to keep most participants comfortable in wait-and-see mode somewhat longer.

Governor Waller seems all but assured to dissent and may be joined by Governor Bowman, but the bulk of the Committee looks poised to keep their options open for the future path of rates. Note that two governors (i.e., not regional Fed presidents) dissenting is unusual: it last occurred in December 1993. Multiple governors dissenting would be another sign of the current split within the Committee regarding the appropriate path of monetary policy.

The post-meeting statement could include a slight downgrade to the characterization of recent activity (e.g., from a "solid" to "moderate" pace") following a slower pace of consumer spending reported since the June FOMC meeting, but the prior characterization of the labor market as "solid" and inflation as "somewhat elevated" still holds, in our view. The only other change we expect to see is around uncertainty about the outlook no longer described as "having diminished."

Federal Reserve Independence: A Refresher

With most FOMC members signaling that the inflation and labor market backdrop warrants keeping rates steady somewhat longer, pressure from the Trump administration to lower the fed funds rate has intensified. This has put the topic of monetary policy independence front and center.

As an institution, the Federal Reserve's independence has evolved over time, but it has never been fully separate from the political process. The president appoints the governors to the Federal Reserve Board, including the Chair, and the Senate votes to confirm these individuals. Congress sets the Federal Reserve's goals and mandates through law. The Federal Reserve was established by an act of Congress, and subsequent Congresses have changed the Federal Reserve's structure and objectives. The Fed's dual mandate for full employment and price stability, for example, was established by Congress in 1977.

That said, a combination of laws, agreements and norms permit the Federal Reserve a significant amount of independence when it comes to setting monetary policy. The 12 regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents are not appointed by the president but instead are selected by their boards, with the latter typically made up of individuals working in business, finance and other local community leaders. Governors receive 14-year terms, and the seven governors' terms are staggered every two years, helping to ensure the Board has appointees from multiple presidents (Figure 7). In addition, the Federal Reserve is self-funded and does not receive explicit appropriations from Congress.

During World War II, the U.S. Treasury and Federal Reserve explicitly cooperated, with the central bank agreeing to buy U.S. Treasury securities in enormous quantities to help finance the war effort. After the war, an agreement between the Treasury and Fed was eventually reached, known as the Treasury-Fed accord. This accord helped establish the Federal Reserve that we know today: one where monetary policy decisions are made in response to economic conditions such as unemployment and inflation, rather than fiscal needs.

What Does the Pressure Mean for the Path of the Fed Funds Rate?

A full review of the many twists and turns in the Fed's tug of war over its independence is beyond the purview of this note. More directly, the question we have gotten most often from clients lately has boiled down to more or less the following: will the next Fed Chair dramatically alter the course of monetary policy, i.e., will policy setting still be independent? Although it is still somewhat premature to say given that we do not know who the selection will be, our sense is that the next Chair will lead the central bank in a more dovish direction. Yet, we expect changes will be gradual and still within the general consensus of economists and financial markets, rather than a complete departure from recent convention.

The Chair is the most important member of the FOMC, but it is still a Committee that requires consensus to act. If a new Chair came to the FOMC and attempted to alter course in a dramatic way, we suspect there would be push-back from much of the rest of the Committee, limiting the policy change. Assuming Chair Powell and Vice Chair Jefferson resign from the Board when their leadership positions expire in May 2026 and September 2027, respectively, President Trump will have three open seats to fill over his four-year term, conditional on no other unexpected vacancies (Figure 8). But, that still leaves four other governors as well as the 12 regional Fed presidents in a position to continue to influence monetary policy via their seats at the table.

If a new Chair came to the FOMC and attempted to alter course in a dramatic way, we suspect there would be push-back from much of the rest of the Committee, limiting the policy change.

Furthermore, the current Committee already seems inclined to cut rates over the next year or two. As discussed earlier, the dot plot from June had a median projection of 50 bps of easing this year and 100 bps of cumulative easing through 2027. We think the political pressure for the FOMC to cut rates will be reduced if Fed leaders cut rates by 50-100 bps at some point over the next few quarters, as is our current base case forecast. We also think the pressure to cut rates will ease somewhat if a more clear acceleration in consumer prices takes hold.

Finally, if the FOMC were to adopt an overly-aggressive dovish bias, it is not immediately clear to us that it would produce the financial market outcomes desired by the Trump administration. On July 16, breaking news headlines seemed to suggest that President Trump was actively considering removing Chair Powell from his position. About an hour later, the president dispelled this report, but the initial reaction in financial markets was lower equity prices, a weaker dollar and higher long-term interest rates (Figures 9, 10). Admittedly, this was a short-lived event and is only one episode of data. But, if the FOMC were to lose its inflation-fighting credibility, less foreign demand for U.S. assets, higher inflation expectations and a steeper yield curve strike us as plausible outcomes. In our view, moderate long-term interest rates are predicated on a credible, independent Federal Reserve and well-anchored inflation expectations.

Thus, for the time being, we are not inclined to make any major forecast changes to our outlook for the federal funds rate in light of the incoming change in Fed leadership. It remains to be seen who the president will select and who the Senate will confirm, and one person, even the Chair, can only change monetary policy so far and so fast. Furthermore, our expectation that the FOMC will cut the fed funds rate by 75 bps by year-end should help alleviate some of the pressure on the Committee. That said, this is clearly a major risk to the financial market and economic outlook as 2026 comes closer into view. As the President's thinking on the candidates evolves, we will have more to say on the subject in future reports.